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^ID3DI?/ESS 



DELIVERED AT THE 



LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 



CITY HA.LL, 



IN THE 



CITY OF BALTIMORE, 



TUESDAY, OCTOBER 18tii, 18 6 7, 



JOHN H. B. LATROBE, ESQ. 



£v 



COX'S MONUMENTAL PRINTING OFFICK, 
Gay and Lombard Streets. 



Jk.IDIDI^ESS 


DELIVERED AT THE 


LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE 


OF THE 


r CITY H^LL, 


IN THE 


Vy- CITY OF BALTIMORE, 


ON 


TUESDAY, OCTOBER ISxn, 18 7, 


BY 
JOHN H. B. LATROBE, ESq'. 


1 ■ 
CO^'S MONUMENTAL PRINTING OFFICE, 


Gay and Lombard Streets. 



f l?:^ 



^IDIDK.ESS. 



My Felloav-Citizens : 

I have accepted the invitation to deliver this Ad- 
dress with more than usual pleasure. I scarcely 
regret that a busy period of professional life has been 
broken in upon by its preparation. 

For years the municipality of Baltimore has been 
housed in a way unbecoming the character of our 
people. The back parlor of an old-ftishioned private 
residence has accommodated the Mayor, while the 
front parlor has been the Secretary's office, as well as 
the ante-room for the crowds having business with 
the Chief Magistrate of the city. The Register and 
the Comptroller have divided between them similar 
parlors in an adjacent building. The Appeal Tax 
Court has been packed away in a room some twelve 
feet by fifteen. The Police Commissioners were to 
be found in the back building of a house a century 
old, and left unfinished. The lower apartments of 
another building, eked out by shabby sheds, held the 



Collector and his clerks. The Water Department 
had still more limited accommodations. The City 
Commissioner was stowed away in a third story, and 
the Park Commission was indebted to the Mayor's 
hospitality for a place in which to meet. 

As for the Legislative Department, the First 
Branch held its sessions in what was formerly the 
very modest picture gallery of Peale's Museum, and 
the Second Branch succeeded a collection of stuffed 
animals in an adjacent room. Neither apartment 
was capable of being ada}>ted to the uses to which it 
was put. 

So long as there was no hope of change, a decent 
pride kept us silent in regard to what was, in truth, 
humiliating ; but now that a day of better things is 
dawning, we may, without hesitation, allude to the 
past, and congratulate ourselves that in the building 
whose corner-stone we are about to lay, the municipal 
authorities will have escaped from such quarters as 
we have described. 

Why we have remained so long without a repu- 
table City Hall it is hard to say. If it has been from 
motives of economy, tlie economy has been an unwise 
one. In the life of an individual struscfflino; to make 
his way in the world, it is doubtless proper to ask, 
prior to each expenditure, ^' Can I do without it?" 
and so^ the dinner may be deprived of its dessert, and 



the old garment be made to last through another 
season. But when the question concerns a city, and 
not a citizen, the application of the rule of private 
life may be inconsistent witli the pride, patriotism, 
and interest of tlie community. Neither tlie monu- 
ment to Wasliington nor the Battle Monument were 
necessities. Had neitht^- been erected, we would still 
"have lived upon the fat and drunk the sweet wine 
upon the lees ;" and yet, which of us would exchange 
for any other our e})ithet of " tlie Monumental City ;" 
or who, after tlie war of 1812, did not hear with pride 
the toast that described us' as "a people who gave 
graves to their foes and monuments to their de- 
fenders." 

For years we lived withiMit our Pai'lvS, and yet wlio 
Avould now restore tlieiu to their former owners, 
abandoning tlie shades of tlie one, or giving up the 
right to enjoy, as his own, the nu^tchless view from 
the high ground of the other ? 

If our monuments redound to our patriotism, if 
our railroads demonstrate our enterprise, if our Parks 
illustrate our api)reciation of the beautiful in Nature, 
our public buildings should not disgrace us by their 
inconvenience, their insignificance, and their insuffi- 
ciency. 

On an occasion like this, some reference to tlie 
early history of Baltimore naturally suggests itself 
as an appropriate topic, if only to perpetuate ti-adition 



in regard to old memories tliat are rapidly vanishing 
away. 

The first land taken up in our vicinity was Whet- 
stone Point, on the south side of the hasin. This was 
in 1662, when Charles tlie Second was King of Eng- 
land, Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, Avas Lord 
Proprietary of Maryland, and Philip Calvert was 
Governor of the Province. A piece of " glade land," 
so called by the old annalist, through which flowed 
Harford Run, was taken up in 1663 ; the neck of land 
between the middle and north branches of the Patap- 
sco was next patanted, and the year after a Mr. 
Thomas Cole took up four hundred and fifty acres, 
through which ran and debouched Jones' Falls, a 
name given to the stream by one David Jones, who 
was the first person to build a house on its banks, 
after purchasing the tract patented to Cole. Jones' 
house was on the north side of the Falls, near the 
head of tide, where what was then called "the Great 
Eastern road " crossed the stream by a ford, and 
passed northeastwardly in the direction of French 
street, towards the tSusquehanna. 

Improvement made slow progress in those days ; 
and it was not until 1711 that any one was found 
adventurous enougli to build a mill. This was done 
by Mr. Jonathan Hanson, at the corner of HoUiday 
and Bath streets. We see the spot from where we 
stand. In 1723, howevei-, there were peoi)le enough 



■collected to organize a town government, and tlie 
spot selected for the site was Moale's Point, including 
the level lands around Ferry Bar, in the southwestern 
section of the present city. This property hclonged 
to Mr. John Moale, ''a merchant from Devonshire," 
and a member of the Colonial Legislatnre. With 
very different ideas, apparently, of the value of ground 
rents, from those now entertained, Mr. Moale used 
his influence to defeat the bill that had been intro- 
duced to incorporate the town on his land ; and the 
most profitable employment, perhaps, that his suc- 
cessors have been able since then to find for the 
property has been to use the clay for bricks to build 
houses and create ground rents in other places. 

Moale's Point being out of the question, attention 
was directed to the nortli br-anch of the river, and in 
1729 an act was passed by the Legislature ''for 
erecting a town on the north side of the Patapsco, in 
Baltimore county, and for laying out into lots sixty 
acres of land in and about the place where one John 
Flemraing now lives." Flemrning was a tenant of 
Mr. Charles Carroll, an agent of the Proprietary, and 
resided in a house on the north side of Uhler's alley, 
near the corner of Charles street, according to our 
present nomenclature. 

The first Commissioners of Baltimore town were 
seven in number, wlio held their offices for life, with 
power to fill their own vacancies. They might either 



purchase or comleiun the "sixty acres," wliich tliey 
were to divide into lots, giving to the owner of the 
hind, Mr. Carroll, the first choice of a single lot. No 
one was authorized to take more than one lot dhring 
the first four months, and none but inhabitants of the 
county during the first six months; after which the 
property was thrown open to purchasers generally. 
All purcliasers, however, were obliged to erect a 
house, covering not less than 400 square feet, in 
eighteen months, to procure a title. The survey was 
made on the 12th January, 1*730, with the assistance 
of one Philip Jones, and began at the northwest 
corner of Pratt and Light streets, then ran along 
Uhler's alley towards '"'a great gulley" at Sharp 
street, then up Sharp street and across Baltimore 
street toMcClellan's alley, which it pursued to the 
precipice which overhung the Falls at the corner of 
Saratoga and Saint Paul streets, thence southwardly 
and eastwardly to the low grounds west of Gay 
street, including the Fish street meeting-liouse, then 
along these low grounds southwardly to the river, and 
then following the mcariderings of the river, along 
Water street, to the beginning. This description is 
not in the technical language of the survey, but is 
adapted to the present landmarks, and is accurate 
enough for our purpose. 

Time does not suffice to follow Baltimore in its 
growth from year to year, or to describe how, as one 



enlarges the garments of a child in his advance to 
manhood, addition after addition was made to the 
city. At firsts it had hut two streets — Baltimore, 
then called Long street, and Charles street, then 
called Forrest street — and nine one-perch " lanes." 
The names of three of these have heen preserved, in 
Lovely, St. Paul's, and German, though the last two 
have heen raised to the dignity of streets. The 
others appear at present in Lexington, South, Second, 
Light, Hanover, and North streets. As late as 1750, 
the town was surrounded hy a hoard fence. In this 
there were two openings for carriages, one at the 
west. end of Baltimore street and the other at the 
north end of Gay street. There was also a small 
opening for foot passengers on the hill near ahouts 
where Saint Paul's Church now stands. The fence 
was intended as a protection against a sudden sur- 
prise from Indian marauders, and was kept up for 
some three years hy general suhscription. A hard 
winter proved, however, too much for this very ori- 
ginal fortification. It was pilfered for fire wood, and 
Lloyd Buchanan, Esquire, is recorded as having heen 
employed to prosecute the thieves. The town Com- 
missioners were then found to have no authority in 
the premises ; and when this got to he understood, 
the town fence soon disappeared in smoke. 

About this time, the hricks used in Baltimore were 
imported from England, and tl>e Mount Clare man- 



10 

sion, the stately edifice still remaining to the south- 
west of the railroad station of the same name, was built 
with them, a foot worthy of mention, inasmuch as 
the fields on which the old house look!? down, and 
which still belong to the descendants of the first 
owner, have since furnished the bricks of which a 
large part of our city has been built, of a quality 
unrivalled either in England or America. 

In selecting the sites for cities, their founders gen- 
erally have had regard to their economical extension. 
Penn selected the flat between the Delaware and 
Schuylkill. New Amsterdam, now New York, was 
planted on a comparatively level surface. Washing- 
ton chose a vast plain as the site of the Capital of the 
Union. St. Louis had a plateau of the Mississippi 
on which to expand, and an almost boundless prairie 
of unbroken ground afforded space for the indefinite 
extension of Chicago. But it was far different with 
Baltimore. After Moale's Point was tabooed, nothing 
was left for those determined to have a town in the 
neighborhood but the marshes and sand hills around 
the homestead of John Flemming ; and could I now 
present a model of the surface of the original " sixty 
acres," it would do more justice to those who made 
our city what it is, than can be done by mere verbal 
description of the topography of the year 1729. Still, 
let me attempt something in this direction. 

Stand with me, in imagination, at the corner of 



11 

Calvert and Water streets, not long before the war 
of the Revolution. The Basin, as we now call it, is 
ripjDling at our feet, and across it rises Federal Hill, 
rugged and precipitous, as it has remained — all clay 
and sand, and colored with streaks of brown and red 
and yellow in fantastic mixture. At its base, a scant 
footway leads to Locust Point. To the left, the river 
seems shut in by ground on which the Lazaretto 
stands, the sharp turn southward around Fort 
McHenry being hidden in the distance. To the right, 
the water's edge is flat and marshy. A somewhat 
sluggish rivulet debouches near what is now the head 
of Light street wharf, and further southward, at the 
foot of a sand bank seamed with ravines, there is a 
spot of verdure, where the spring lately converged 
under ground to the basin gushes forth, and s])arkles 
as it threads its way through the low ground to the 
Patapsco. Houses are scattered sparsely here and 
there, and boats are moving to and fro upon the 
water. Along the shore are ranges of tobacco hogs- 
heads, and on the roads leading to the landing other 
hogsheads are in motion, like garden rollers, with a 
pin in the centre of each end, to which rude shafts 
are attaclied, for tlie horses that have dragged them 
in this manner for many a weary mile. Tlie scene, 
on the whole, is not unpleasing ; but it owes its 
interest to its business life rather than to its landscape 
beauties. 



12 

Turning from this, let us ascend Calvert street, still 
unpaved and ftir steeper than at present — the Balti- 
more street crossing being on a level with the platform 
of the present portico of Barnum's Hotel. There are 
many still living who remember the dilapidated frame 
buildings at the northwest corner of Baltimore and 
Calvert streets, whose underpinning, when the street 
was graded, made them look not unlike a gang of 
ragged cripples mounted upon stilts. Leaving them 
behind, we find ourselves in front of the Court House, 
occupying the site of the Battle Monument, and over- 
looking a steep sandy precipice, at the foot of which 
flows Jones' Falls. The house now standing at the 
northeast corner of Lexington and Calvert streets is 
about in its bed. When the street was graded in 
1784, it became necessary to underpin the Court House, 
and Mr. Leonard Harbaugh acquired much renown 
by forming an archway underneath, through whose 
sides stairways led to the rooms above. When Mr. 
Harbaugh' s work was done, the edifice Avas probably 
not unlike a Captain Bobadil, or a modern "rough," 
standing astride the street, with a hat, too small, set 
jauntily on his head, and represented by a little 
belfry, in which was the bell that rang the people 
into the .courts of justice. Under the Harbaugh 
archway was the whipping post, on whose platform 
were the stocks, and on an upper platform was the 
pillory. The last use made of this medioeval con- 



13 



trivance was in 1808. Able and learned men were 
those who sat on the bench of this Court House of 
the olden time ; men who owed their elevation to 
their knowledge of the law, and who gave dignity to 
the seats they occupied. Among them none was 
greater than Samuel Chase, who had signed the 
Declaration of Independence, and was elevated after- 
wards to the Supreme Court of the United States. 
He was one of the last who preserved the costume of 
the Revolutionary day ; and, dressed in small clothes, 
with his scarlet cloak and three-cornered chapeau, 
was the type of a period then rapidly fading away, 
and now vanished forever. Whether we haVe gained 
anything by the change, not in costume but in legal 
lore, judicial integrity, or public morals, is a question 
which need not now be discussed. 

Looking northward from the Court House, the 
Meadow lies before us, a pleasant, smooth, green flat, 
around which Jones' Falls, issuing from the rocky- 
mouthed ravine now spanned by the Eager street 
bridge, and hugging the steep hillsides to the west, 
winds its way, receiving in its course the City Spring 
bubbling from a high sand bank. The depth of the 
subsequent filling at this [lolnt is shown by the depth 
of the sunken area around the spring at the present 
time. Some idea of the great change that lias been 
wrought in this part of the city may be inferred from 
the fact that a bay schooner was once built and 



14 

launched hard by the spring. From the foot of the 
Court-House hill the Falls take a northeasterly course, 
passing hy the "town powder-house," along tlie 
present Fish street, towards the site of Gay street 
bridge, and thence turning southerly flows through 
marshes along Harrison street and Marsh Market 
space to the Patapsco. At tliis time there was no 
bridge at Gay street ; but a ferry, or a ford, according 
to the stage of the water, served the wants of the 
" Great Eastern road," and connected Baltimore town 
with Old Town. The latter was then a separate 
municipality, afterwards united to Baltimore, but 
whose " boys " retain, it is believed, to this day their 
ancient cognomen. It was not until 1789 that the 
Meadow was thrown upon the west side of the Falls 
by Mr. Engelhard Yeiser and others, who cut a 
straight channel from Eager street to Gay street 
bridge. 

Above the Meadow, to the north, Colonel Howard's 
mansion of Belvidere was built in 1783, directly op- 
posite to the Court House, in the line of Calvert street. 
The Colonel was one of those men, in this world, who 
could look justice fearlessly in the face, and his dwell- 
ing was no inappropriate vis-a-vis to the halls of 
Themis. He was one of those, too, whose example, 
at Eutaw and Cowpens, was not lost upon the brave 
men who fell at North Point, and whose monument 
the Colonel lived to see rise in sight of his parlor 



15 

windows, block by block, until the admirable sculp- 
ture that crowns it was lifted up to hold forever its 
marble wreath above this record of the honored dead. 

To the northwest of the Court House we see the 
town jail, and beyond that — the jail intercepting the 
view — is Saint Paul's Church, a sort of hint, this 
interception, that the way from this world to a better 
may, for evil-doers, be '^a hard road to travel." 

The Saint Paul's we speak of was not the building 
afterwards destroyed by fire, but a barn-like edifice, 
on the edge of a sand hill, with the graves of de- 
parted congregations clustered around, their coffins 
at times being exposed by the violence of northeast 
storms. Close to Saint Paul's was a bell-tower, 
standing apart like a sentinel on duty — a sentinel of 
the shabbiest shape and uniform, and now long since 
relieved. 

The curious may readily trace the topography here 
described by the steep streets of the present city, and 
if they have accompanied us in our imaginary walk, 
can now look with us from the Court-House hill 
eastward to the forest-covered heights of the Maryland 
Hospital, and southeastward over the marshes of 
Market space, across part of Old Town, and beyond 
" Mr. Fell's store and tht3 houses around it," on Fell's 
Point, to the Patapsco proper, and thence along the 
river until its waters mingle with those of the distant 
bay, whose blue line against the sky forms the horizon 
in that direction. 



16, 

In a rare old volume, compiled with unexampled 
diligence by Thomas W. Griffith, Esquire, and to 
which I am indebted for many of my facts, will be 
found a singularly detailed account of the growth of 
Baltimore up to 1820. The names of the merchants 
who came here^ the dates of their arrival, their busi- 
ness, its influence upon the town, hints sometimes of 
their families — all this is recorded ; and it is interest- 
ing to observe how many nationalities were represented 
in our early history. As was natural enough, we 
had Englishmen, Scotchmen, and Irishmen, for Great 
Britain was the mother country. But France con- 
tributed largely ; so largely, indeed, as to appropriate 
a part of the town — the district on Charles street, 
north of Pratt, long known as Frenchtown. Ger- 
many was largely represented, and Holland contri- 
buted numbers of her careful, accurate, and intelligent 
merchants to swell the tide of prosperity. In later 
days, New England found out what was good, and 
brought its thrift into our midst. But in the early 
days it was upon the Maryland stock of cavalier 
antecedents, with grafts from beyond the seaS; that 
our well-doing and increase hung. 

We -are a mixed race, we Baltimoreans of to-day ; 
and if, as some pretend, it is with men as it is with 
animals, and crossing produces improvement, the 
beauty of our women, which has become proverbial, 
is accounted for, as well as the enterprise which has 



17 

ever been our distinguishing characteristic. 

Nature favored Baltimore from the beginning. 
The location of the town, indeed, was sterile, but the 
country round about was fertile. A water carriage 
unrivalled elsewhere brought the products of the rich 
lands bordering the Chesapeake to Baltimore as their 
appropriate depot. The streams emptying into the 
Patapsco, and the Patapsco itself, came rushing to 
the tide and furnished mill sites for every species of 
manufticture. The hills to the west and southwest 
were filled with iron ore, and the ancient ore banks 
and the ruins of old furnaces show how well they 
were worked long years ago. Pig iron was sent to 
England to be refined in immense quantities. Copper 
existed in the hills to the north and west, and chrome 
lay in rich nests in the intervening vallies. Tobacco 
and wheat were the great staples of the State, and 
Baltimore soon became their place of export. No 
wonder, then, that tlie city attracted the nationalities 
referred to. 

But there was yet another reason. Beyond the 
mountains lay the Mississippi and its tributaries, and 
to the navigable waters of these Baltimore was nearer, 
geographically, by many miles, than any other city 
north of her on the Atlantic seaboard. At first, by 
the pack horse, then by common roads, then by turn- 
pikes, she had availed lierself of this advantage. 
But when tlic canals of New York and Pennsylvania, 



18 

by cheapening transportation, more than equalized 
the distance practically, another stride forward be- 
came necessary in order to hold the trade of the west ; 
and here Baltimore again illustrated her spirit of 
enterprise by beijig the first to adopt, for general 
purposes, that system of railroads which ultimately 
restored to her the advantages of her geographical 
position. Her first great road to the west was the 
pioneer of all others in the land. The "Great 
Eastern road" of 1729 came down a gulley in Sharp 
street, found McClellan's alley wide enough for its 
accommodation, crossed the Falls at a ford near Fish 
street, and wound its devious way through the forests 
that separated Baltimore from Joppa, then the seat 
of justice of the country between the Patapsco and 
the Susquehanna, Now there radiate from the city 
railroads in all directions, and the system of which 
they form a part refers for its origin, as regards all 
America, to the 28th day of February, 1827, when 
the State of Maryland, with no other guide than its 
turnpike charters, created the Baltimore and Ohio 
Kailroad Company to do that with a capital of three 
millions which it has cost more than thirty millions 
to accomplish. 

While this great work was struggling against 
obstacles of all sorts, absolutely forcing its way to the 
west by dint of an almost exhausting spirit of perse- 
verance, driven by the hostile legislation of adjacent 



19 

States to adopt routes at one time looked upon as 
impracticable, while the other roads to the north, 
east, and south from the city were being completed, 
Baltimore made no adA'ance in any of those respects 
which stamp the rank of cities as the die stamps the 
value of the coin. The old octagonal watch-boxes 
of the last century still sheltered the antiquated 
gentlemen who fancied they were protecting the city 
when they warned thieves of their approach by cry- 
ing the hours during the watches of the night. The 
jail erected at the beginning of the century had 
become an overcrowded den. The "b'hoys" still 
"ran with the machine," and the volunteer fire 
department, with all its courage, devotion, and energy, 
still had its rows, fought its battles in the streets, 
and injured its own reputation while it interrupted 
the peace of the city. With streams of water all 
around, of sufficient elevation within reasonable dis- 
tances to supply the city by natural flow, we were 
still indebted to the pumps of a private corporation 
to fill costly reservoirs, which a single great confla- 
gration might exhaust. 

We still relied, for all })urposes of police, upon the 
tolling of bells or the speed of messengers on foot, to 
give notice of a fire, or to inform the authorities of a 
riot requiring force for its suppression. While New 
York^ with nothing but a wilderness of rock and 
marsh to work upon, was rapidly making it " blossom 



20 



like a rose" in a vast pleasure ground, in wliicli 
architecture illustrated its faculty to adorn, Ave were 
satisfied with scraps of woods, here and there in the 
vicinity, for shade, and dusty turnpikes for exercise 
and recreation, although around the city were tracts 
of virgin forest, with hill and dale and running 
brooks, that seemed to have been preserved by some 
sj^eidisil '^Providence for glorious Parks. Truly might 
it have been said that our railroads had exhausted 
our energies and left us satisfied with mediocrity, or 
even less, in all besides. But it was not so. The 
French have a saying, " On reeule pour mieux sauter," 
one steps backwards that he may spring further 
forwards, which describes, in some sort, the condition 
of our city at this time. The pause in general 
improvements that followed the completion of the 
railroads was the step backwards, for a city tliat 
stands still, in this regard, 'retrogades, in fact, by 
comparison ; tlie sjiring forward was due to a chief 
magistrate of Baltimore, the present Governor of the 
State, who demolished the old watch-boxes, who 
made steam and a paid fire department take the 
place of the old volunteer force, who removed the del- 
den upon the Falls and gave us an imposing structure 
adequate to the wants of the community, who dis- 
, carded the ancient pump-houses and reservoirs and 
brought the water, by its natural flow, into the city, 
who gave us the telegraph for all purposes of police. 



21 



who made the street railways — in other pLaces selfish 
monopolies — contribute to the public ti-easur}', f^nd 
who, lastly, but not least, devoted the revenue so 
secured to the purchase and adornment of public 
Parks, whose peculiar beauties are unequalled, and 
which are not only the pride of Baltimore, but the 
admiration of all strangers, from all lands, who visit 
them. 

Nor in the enumeration of what has been donie 
under the auspices of one of our chief magistrates, 
must we forget what has been accomplished in the 
same direction under the auspices of the present 
incumbent. The lake which bears his name, and 
now rapidly approaching completion, will make the 
city indei)endent alike of the drowths which curtail 
the supply of water and the freshets which deteriorate 
it. Unique in its character and beautiful in its sur- 
roundings, it is being constructed to last for ages. 
And, still further to su})ply Baltimore with water as 
amply almost as was ancient Rome supplied, the wise 
forecast of the same administration has secured a 
river for the city's uses, when need shall be, in the 
purchase of the Gun})Owder ; and again, last, but not 
least, the building whose corner-stone we this day 
consign to its place in the foundation, will relieve us 
from the humiliation of having the authorities of a 
city competent to the works we have described, 
occupy offices in all respects inferior to those of a 



22 

private corporation of the commonest pretensions. 
The municipality of Baltimore should be lodged as 
reputably, at least, as a bank or an insurance office ; 
and the City Hall should not be inferior, as it so long 
has been, to the most modest of the railroad stations 
in our midst. 

This sketch of the past and present of our city has 
necessarily been rapid and imperfect. In 1820 the 
Annals of Baltimore already filled a volume, and 
what, since then, has not been accomplished ? Our 
pride in the emporium of Maryland will not be les- 
sened by the edifice now to be erected. A desideratum 
will have been supplied when its spacious halls and 
commodious apartments shall be occupied for the 
purposes of the City Government, and second to 
none in extent of accommodation and architectural 
taste, it will place Baltimore among the foremost of 
cities renowned not only for commercial thrift, but 
for the refinement which should always be the accom- 
paniment of freedom, and whose noblest illustrations 
have always been in their works of art. 



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